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Reference series

The Science of Therapeutic Peptides

A comprehensive 9-volume reference library — 115 chapters — covering the therapeutic peptide universe from first principles to individual compounds. Every chapter is published here as web-native, evidence-sourced content.

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Nine volumes · one continuous library

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Cover — Volume I: Foundations of Peptide ScienceVolume ICover — Volume II: Metabolic, Incretin & EnergyVolume IICover — Volume III: Growth Hormone, Growth Factors & Body CompositionVolume IIICover — Volume IV: Tissue Repair, Regeneration & Extracellular MatrixVolume IVCover — Volume V: Neuroactive, Behavioral & CognitiveVolume VCover — Volume VI: Immune, Inflammatory & AntimicrobialVolume VICover — Volume VII: Reproductive, Sexual & EndocrineVolume VIICover — Volume VIII: Longevity, Senescence & Organ-Specific BioregulatorsVolume VIIICover — Volume IX: Companion: Peptide-Adjacent Compounds, Formulation & Laboratory PracticeVolume IX
Alphabetical indexAll chapters in order

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Alphabetical peptide & compound index

Jump directly to any compound or reference chapter without navigating volume by volume.

  1. IX5-amino-1MQ
  2. IA History of Peptide Science and Medicine
  3. VIIIAdipotide
  4. IVAHK‑Cu
  5. IXAICAR
  6. IXAndarine
  7. IIAOD‑9604
  8. VIARA-290
  9. VIIIB7-33
  10. IXBAM-15
  11. IBenefits, Risks, and Safety of Peptide Medicines
  12. IVBPC-157
  13. VIIIBronchogen
  14. IICagrilintide
  15. IXCardarine
  16. VIIICardiogen
  17. VIIICartalax
  18. VCerebrolysin
  19. VIIIChonluten
  20. IIICJC-1295
  21. VDihexa
  22. IDiscovering and Engineering Therapeutic Peptides
  23. VDSIP
  24. IIEloralintide
  25. VIIIEpithalon
  26. IEvidence and Clinical Development in Peptide Medicine
  27. IIIFollistatin 344 / 315
  28. VIIIFOXO4-DRI
  29. IFrom Sequence to Function
  30. IIIGDF-11
  31. IVGHK‑Cu
  32. IIIGHRH
  33. IIIGHRP-2
  34. IIIGHRP-6
  35. VIIIGlutathione
  36. VIIGonadorelin
  37. VIIhCG
  38. IIIHexarelin
  39. IIIhGH Fragment 176–191
  40. VIIHMG
  41. IHow Peptides Act on the Human Body
  42. VIIIHumanin
  43. IIInsulin
  44. IIIIpamorelin
  45. VIIIKhavinson Cytomaxes
  46. VIIKisspeptin-10
  47. VIKPV
  48. IXL-Carnitine
  49. VILarazotide
  50. IXLigandrol
  51. IXLipo-C / MIC B12
  52. VIIILivagen
  53. VILL-37
  54. VIIILongevity Series Index
  55. IXManufacturing and Verifying Therapeutic Peptides
  56. IXManufacturing Therapeutic Peptides
  57. IIMazdutide
  58. VIIMelanotan-I
  59. VIIMelanotan-II
  60. IXMetformin
  61. IXMethylene blue
  62. IIIMGF and PEG-MGF
  63. VMIF-1
  64. IXMK-677
  65. VIIIMOTS-c
  66. VIIINAD+
  67. IIOrforglipron
  68. VOS-01
  69. IXOstarine
  70. VIIIOvagen
  71. VIIOxytocin
  72. VP021
  73. VIIIPancragen
  74. IVPE 22-28
  75. IPeptide Pharmacokinetics and Delivery
  76. IPeptides as Biological Messengers
  77. IPeptides Versus Small Molecules and Other Therapeutic Modalities
  78. VIIIPinealon
  79. IXPNC-27
  80. VIIIProstamax
  81. VIIPT-141
  82. IXRAD140
  83. IXRapamycin
  84. IXRegulation, Access, and the Peptide Marketplace
  85. IIRetatrutide
  86. IXS-23
  87. IXSARMs
  88. VSelank
  89. IISemaglutide
  90. IIISermorelin
  91. IXSLU-PP-332
  92. VSNAP‑8
  93. VIIISS-31
  94. IISurvodutide
  95. IIITesamorelin
  96. IXTesofensine
  97. VIIITestagen
  98. IXTesting Therapeutic Peptides
  99. IThe Future of Peptide Therapeutics
  100. IXThe Global Therapeutic Peptide Industry
  101. VThe Semax Family
  102. IXThe Therapeutic Peptide Production Ecosystem
  103. VIThymalin
  104. VIThymosin Alpha-1
  105. IVThymosin β4
  106. VIThymulin
  107. IITirzepatide
  108. VIITRH
  109. IIUltratrutide
  110. VIIIVesilute
  111. VIIIVesugen
  112. VIIIVilon
  113. VIVIP
  114. IXWhen Peptide Production Goes Wrong
  115. IXYK-11

Complete continuous contents

Every chapter, in reading order

Volume transitions are clearly marked, while the whole series remains on one scrollable page. Each entry includes a representative plate from its chapter.

I

Volume I

Foundations of Peptide Science

The science, structure, and pharmacology that underpin every peptide.

Book contents →
  1. CHAPTER I.1Peptides as Biological MessengersThe chemical language of the human body
  2. CHAPTER I.2How Peptides Act on the Human BodyReceptors, signaling cascades, and physiological response
  3. CHAPTER I.3From Sequence to FunctionThe structural biology of therapeutic peptides
  4. CHAPTER I.4A History of Peptide Science and MedicineFrom organ extracts to molecular engineering
  5. CHAPTER I.5Discovering and Engineering Therapeutic PeptidesFrom biological lead to drug candidate
  6. CHAPTER I.6Peptides Versus Small Molecules and Other Therapeutic ModalitiesHow drug classes differ, and where each one belongs
  7. CHAPTER I.7Peptide Pharmacokinetics and DeliveryMoving fragile molecules through the human body
  8. CHAPTER I.8Benefits, Risks, and Safety of Peptide MedicinesWhat peptides can do well, and where they can harm
  9. CHAPTER I.9Evidence and Clinical Development in Peptide MedicineFrom mechanism to demonstrated benefit
  10. CHAPTER I.10The Future of Peptide TherapeuticsNew targets, new designs, and new delivery systems
II

Volume II

Metabolic, Incretin & Energy

Incretins, GLP-1 medicines, and the biology of weight and energy.

Book contents →
  1. CHAPTER II.1AOD‑9604A fragment of a hormone, cut to keep the fat loss and drop the rest
  2. CHAPTER II.2CagrilintideA hormone found as a disease, and rebuilt as a drug
  3. CHAPTER II.3EloralintideThe second hormone the pancreas sends after a meal, and the analogue built to leave the bone receptor alone
  4. CHAPTER II.4InsulinThe first peptide medicine, the analogue family that followed, and the standard every later peptide is measured against
  5. CHAPTER II.5MazdutideThe drug that put the second hormone back in — a GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist, and the first of its kind approved anywhere
  6. CHAPTER II.6OrforglipronA small molecule at a receptor built for a peptide
  7. CHAPTER II.7RetatrutideOne peptide, three hormone receptors, and the furthest that drug-induced weight loss has yet been taken
  8. CHAPTER II.8SemaglutideThe molecule that was made worse at its job, and what followed
  9. CHAPTER II.9SurvodutideA glucagon-receptor / GLP-1-receptor dual agonist (BI 456906) — discovery, mechanism, and the human record
  10. CHAPTER II.10TirzepatideThe drug built on a hormone that had already failed — and the outcome trial that did not follow the weight loss
  11. CHAPTER II.11UltratrutideAn advanced quad-agonist metabolic peptide (GLP-1 / GIP / glucagon / ghrelin) — claimed design, receptor biology, and the evidence gap
III

Volume III

Growth Hormone, Growth Factors & Body Composition

The growth-hormone axis, growth factors, and body composition.

Book contents →
  1. CHAPTER III.1CJC-1295A growth-hormone-releasing peptide that solved its engineering problem, lost its clinical programme, and now sells in two forms only one of which was ever tested in people
  2. CHAPTER III.2Follistatin 344 / 315One protein, two numbers, and the muscle-growth ceiling that evolution installed
  3. CHAPTER III.3GDF-11The near-twin of myostatin that was briefly sold as young blood
  4. CHAPTER III.4GHRHThe hormone the disease revealed
  5. CHAPTER III.5GHRP-2A hunger signal found before the hunger hormone, and the diagnostic that outlived the drug
  6. CHAPTER III.6GHRP-6The hexapeptide that found a receptor nobody was looking for, and the hormone that was missing
  7. CHAPTER III.7HexarelinThe growth-hormone drug that failed, and the heart receptor it found on the way down
  8. CHAPTER III.8hGH Fragment 176–191The piece of a hormone that was supposed to burn fat without being a hormone
  9. CHAPTER III.9IpamorelinThe first selective growth hormone secretagogue, and what selectivity turned out to be worth
  10. CHAPTER III.10MGF and PEG-MGFA splice variant, a twenty-four-residue peptide, and the distance between them
  11. CHAPTER III.11SermorelinThe shortest fragment that still works
  12. CHAPTER III.12TesamorelinA hormone found in a tumour, one acyl group, and the long argument about what growth hormone is for
IV

Volume IV

Tissue Repair, Regeneration & Extracellular Matrix

Regeneration, wound healing, and the extracellular matrix.

Book contents →
  1. CHAPTER IV.1AHK‑CuOne methyl group from a famous molecule, and what the evidence for it actually is
  2. CHAPTER IV.2BPC-157A student's idea about the stomach, thirty-four years of animal experiments, and the question nobody has answered
  3. CHAPTER IV.3GHK‑CuA wrapper for one atom of copper, and the fifty years spent arguing about what it does
  4. CHAPTER IV.4PE 22-28Seven amino acids, arrived at by subtraction
  5. CHAPTER IV.5Thymosin β4The actin buffer that was mistaken for a hormone, and the fragment that is mistaken for the protein
V

Volume V

Neuroactive, Behavioral & Cognitive

Cognition, mood, and behavior at the peptide level.

Book contents →
  1. CHAPTER V.1CerebrolysinA pig-brain extract from 1954, four thousand patients of randomised evidence, and the problem of a drug nobody can fully list
  2. CHAPTER V.2DihexaA fragment of a blood-pressure hormone, a claim of ten million, and a molecule that became a laboratory reagent
  3. CHAPTER V.3DSIPA molecule pulled from the blood of sleeping rabbits, and the fifty-year argument about whether it does anything
  4. CHAPTER V.4MIF-1The hypothalamic tripeptide that taught peptide science to look upward
  5. CHAPTER V.5OS-01Pep 14, OneSkin, and a senomorphic peptide from a progeria screen
  6. CHAPTER V.6P021Five residues cut from a cytokine too toxic to use, by the two people who found out what the Alzheimer tangle is made of
  7. CHAPTER V.7Selankand the three names sold beside it — N-Acetyl Selank, N-Acetyl Selank Amidate, Adalank
  8. CHAPTER V.8The Semax FamilyA Soviet neuropeptide, four products, and the distance between them
  9. CHAPTER V.9SNAP‑8A peptide designed to relax a muscle it may never reach — and the twenty-year skincare industry built on that hope
VI

Volume VI

Immune, Inflammatory & Antimicrobial

Immune modulation, inflammation, and antimicrobial peptides.

Book contents →
  1. CHAPTER VI.1ARA-290Eleven residues from the face of a blood hormone, and the receptor nobody was looking for
  2. CHAPTER VI.2KPVThe three-residue tail of a pigment hormone, and what happened when it was cut off
  3. CHAPTER VI.3LarazotideThe cholera toxin fragment that tried to close the gut
  4. CHAPTER VI.4LL-37The only cathelicidin a human being has, and the trouble with an antibiotic that also talks to the immune system
  5. CHAPTER VI.5ThymalinA calf-thymus polypeptide complex from a Leningrad military academy, three short peptides later read out of it, and four decades of evidence that almost never left one programme
  6. CHAPTER VI.6Thymosin Alpha-1Twenty-eight residues, sixty years, a thousand papers, and the awkward relationship between how much evidence there is and how good it is
  7. CHAPTER VI.7ThymulinThe zinc-locked nonapeptide of the thymus — discovered as a serum factor in Paris, renamed when a metal proved indispensable, and still searching for a modern human trial
  8. CHAPTER VI.8VIPThe gut hormone that turned out to run vessels, lungs, clocks, and immune calm
VII

Volume VII

Reproductive, Sexual & Endocrine

Reproductive, sexual, and endocrine signaling.

Book contents →
  1. CHAPTER VII.1GonadorelinThe brain’s ten-letter instruction to the body’s reproductive engine — synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  2. CHAPTER VII.2hCGThe pregnancy hormone that built the pregnancy test, and the diet it never worked for
  3. CHAPTER VII.3HMGThe fertility drug distilled from the urine of nuns, and what sixty years of trials could and could not settle
  4. CHAPTER VII.4Kisspeptin-10The ten residues that switch on puberty, and the gene named after a chocolate
  5. CHAPTER VII.5Melanotan-IThe tanning drug that became a medicine for people who cannot go outside
  6. CHAPTER VII.6Melanotan-IIA molecule designed to prevent skin cancer, and what became of it
  7. CHAPTER VII.7OxytocinThe molecule that built peptide chemistry, and the biology of birth, milk and attachment
  8. CHAPTER VII.8PT-141Bremelanotide — a melanocortin agonist that acts on the brain
  9. CHAPTER VII.9TRHThe first hypothalamic releasing hormone — three amino acids that opened the portal-blood era of neuroendocrinology
VIII

Volume VIII

Longevity, Senescence & Organ-Specific Bioregulators

Senescence, bioregulators, and organ-specific longevity peptides.

Book contents →
  1. CHAPTER VIII.1AdipotideA postcode, a warhead, and the drug that starved fat of its blood supply
  2. CHAPTER VIII.2B7-33The single-chain relaxin that kept the antifibrotic signal and dropped the rest
  3. CHAPTER VIII.3BronchogenFour residues, two spellings, and a lung that has not been studied since 2017
  4. CHAPTER VIII.4CardiogenA four-residue peptide assigned to the heart, and what happens when a compound’s name belongs to somebody else
  5. CHAPTER VIII.5CartalaxA three-letter peptide, a Soviet military laboratory, and the question of what a bioregulator is
  6. CHAPTER VIII.6ChonlutenGlu-Asp-Gly — three residues assigned to the bronchi, a twin that steals its headlines, and a literature thin enough that the trade name has one PubMed hit
  7. CHAPTER VIII.7EpithalonA tetrapeptide, the extract it was inferred from, the family it belongs to, and a mechanism that runs in both directions
  8. CHAPTER VIII.8FOXO4-DRIa peptide built backwards, to kill the cells that will not die
  9. CHAPTER VIII.9GlutathioneThe most abundant antioxidant in the human body, and the century-long argument about whether swallowing it does anything
  10. CHAPTER VIII.10HumaninThe message from the ruins — a peptide found in the one part of an Alzheimer’s brain that had not died
  11. CHAPTER VIII.11Khavinson CytomaxesNatural organ peptide complexes, six registered medicines, and the retail names PubMed barely indexes
  12. CHAPTER VIII.12LivagenLys-Glu-Asp-Ala — a four-residue instruction said to unpack old chromatin, and the closed literature that is all the evidence there is
  13. CHAPTER VIII.13Longevity Series IndexA map of the split stack — not a deep combination monograph
  14. CHAPTER VIII.14MOTS-cThe message in the machine — a peptide the mitochondrion writes, and what a decade of evidence does and does not establish about it
  15. CHAPTER VIII.15NAD+The coenzyme that became a commodity
  16. CHAPTER VIII.16OvagenGlu-Asp-Leu — a three-letter peptide sold under a name that sounds like ovaries, catalogued for the liver, and studied mostly as a kidney protectant
  17. CHAPTER VIII.17PancragenLys-Glu-Asp-Trp — four residues assigned to the pancreas, a DNA-test namesake that is not a peptide, and one of the denser files in the Khavinson cytogen line
  18. CHAPTER VIII.18PinealonA three-residue peptide read out of a cattle-brain extract, a mechanism that runs through the nucleus, and an evidence base that has never left one laboratory
  19. CHAPTER VIII.19ProstamaxLys‑Glu‑Asp‑Pro — a four-residue peptide with a market, a patent, and almost no literature
  20. CHAPTER VIII.20SS-31The peptide that found its target after it reached the clinic
  21. CHAPTER VIII.21TestagenLys-Glu-Asp-Gly — four residues assigned to the testis, a market spelling that collides with testosterone, and a literature thin enough to read end to end
  22. CHAPTER VIII.22VesiluteGlu-Asp — two amino acids, a bladder assignment, and a literature thin enough to see through
  23. CHAPTER VIII.23VesugenLys-Glu-Asp — a three-residue vascular bioregulator, a second life in Alzheimer models, and a literature that almost never leaves one research network
  24. CHAPTER VIII.24VilonLys-Glu — the shortest bioactive word in the Khavinson catalogue, a stated null on pericentromeric chromatin, and the closed literature that is almost all the evidence there is
IX

Volume IX

Companion: Peptide-Adjacent Compounds, Formulation & Laboratory Practice

Peptide-adjacent compounds, formulation, and laboratory practice.

Book contents →
  1. CHAPTER IX.1Manufacturing and Verifying Therapeutic PeptidesSynthesis, purity, potency, and product quality
  2. CHAPTER IX.2Regulation, Access, and the Peptide MarketplaceHow peptide products move from discovery to the shelf — and what the labels actually mean
  3. CHAPTER IX.3The Global Therapeutic Peptide IndustryMarkets, companies, economics, and competitive strategy
  4. CHAPTER IX.4The Therapeutic Peptide Production EcosystemPharmaceutical Companies, Compounders, Contract Manufacturers, and Alternative Supply Channels
  5. CHAPTER IX.5Manufacturing Therapeutic PeptidesFacilities, equipment, inputs, processes, scale-up, and commercial production
  6. CHAPTER IX.6When Peptide Production Goes WrongImpurities, contamination, sterility failures, and patient risk
  7. CHAPTER IX.7Testing Therapeutic PeptidesAnalytical methods, certificates of analysis, independent verification, and laboratory reliability
  8. CHAPTER IX.8AICARThe nucleoside that taught cells to act as if they were running out of energy
  9. CHAPTER IX.95-amino-1MQA methyl group, a metabolic thermostat, and the small molecule built to jam it
  10. CHAPTER IX.10AndarineS-4 / GTx-007 — an early arylpropionamide discontinued for enobosarm
  11. CHAPTER IX.11BAM-15A drug with no receptor, and the poison it was built to replace
  12. CHAPTER IX.12CardarineGW501516 — a PPAR-δ agonist that is not a SARM
  13. CHAPTER IX.13L-CarnitineThe muscle extract that became a vitamin, then a shuttle, then a suspect
  14. CHAPTER IX.14LigandrolLGD-4033 between a 21-day healthy-men RCT and a grey-market DILI case layer
  15. CHAPTER IX.15Lipo-C / MIC B12A Nobel-grade discovery history, a rodent deficiency model, and a clinic injection the evidence never caught up with
  16. CHAPTER IX.16MetforminFrom goat’s rue to first-line diabetes, AMPK lore, and the still-pending TAME bet
  17. CHAPTER IX.17Methylene blueFrom a coal-tar dye to a mitochondrial redox shuttle
  18. CHAPTER IX.18MK-677The once-daily pill that raised growth hormone for years — and never became a medicine
  19. CHAPTER IX.19OstarineEnobosarm between cancer cachexia, breast programmes, and GLP-1 lean-mass preservation
  20. CHAPTER IX.20PNC-27A fragment of the guardian gene, a door punched in the cancer-cell membrane, and how far a striking result reaches when no person has yet been treated
  21. CHAPTER IX.21RAD140Testolone / vosilasarm between a breast-cancer Phase 1 and a consumer safety case layer
  22. CHAPTER IX.22RapamycinSirolimus between ITP mouse lifespan and the thinner human healthy-aging record
  23. CHAPTER IX.23S-23A preclinical arylpropionamide with contraception animal data and almost no human efficacy package
  24. CHAPTER IX.24SARMsSelective androgen receptor modulators, the clinical residue, and the grey-market fog
  25. CHAPTER IX.25SLU-PP-332An estrogen-related-receptor agonist, and the biology of an “exercise mimetic”
  26. CHAPTER IX.26TesofensineA neurodegeneration drug that found its purpose in the wrong organ
  27. CHAPTER IX.27YK-11A steroidal partial AR agonist whose myostatin lore outruns the human evidence

Field journals

De-identified personal research

Historical first-person records presented for transparency and context—not as protocols, prescriptions, or medical advice.

One case study · Two presentations

Both publications present the same de-identified case record in different formats. They are not separate case studies or independent evidence.

Cover of Anonymous Personal Research: Six Months, RecordedField journalSame case study · Journal presentationAnonymous Personal Research: Six Months, RecordedA de-identified reconstruction of one person’s peptide-administration journal, presented as historical documentation—not a protocol.Anonymous personal researchRead the journal Cover of Six Months to Vitality Through PeptidesField journalSame case study · Research presentationSix Months to Vitality Through PeptidesA de-identified 148-day case study reconstructing the recorded administrations, calories, cycle lengths, washouts, and measured outcomes.Codex research edition · 100 pagesRead the journal

Evidence-sourced

Each chapter is built from the primary literature, with citations and figures preserved from the source research.

Web-native

Not PDFs behind a wall — every chapter is a full reading experience with its own table of contents, figures, and references.

Educational only

Reference and educational content. Not medical advice; no dosing, diagnosis, or treatment guidance.